1. Richard Wagner, lead author of the study published in Archives of Dermatology . "It‘s interesting that by slightly modifying tools used to identify substance–related disorders, we can see an objective similarity between regular tanning and those disorders." Wagner and Warthan asked 145 Galveston beachgoers a series of questions such as "Do you try to cut down on the time you spend in the sun, but find yourself still suntanning?" and "Do you think you need to spend more and more time in the sun to maintain your perfect tan?" The interviews were divided into two parts, with four initial yes–or–no queries derived from those used in a standard four–question survey used to identify alcohol abuse or dependence.